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Germany’s Nuclear Energy Exit
Assessing a Strategic Energy Policy Shift
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Germany’s nuclear phase-out is one of the most significant energy policy decisions of the 21st century, sparking global debate about its economic rationale, environmental impact, and geopolitical consequences. Initiated after the 2011 Fukushima disaster and finalized in April 2023 with the shutdown of the last three reactors, this policy shift removed nuclear power from a nation that once relied on it for 25% of its electricity [3][6].
The transition aimed to boost renewable energy, increasing wind and solar capacity by 140% since 2010 while reducing nuclear and coal generation by 50% [1][3]. However, it came at a cost — €23.6 billion in decommissioning expenses, a 4% rise in wholesale electricity prices, and a temporary reliance on coal before renewables scaled up [4][5]. Critics argue the abrupt exit imposed a €12 billion annual burden due to higher emissions and fossil fuel imports [4][7], while proponents highlight its role in accelerating Europe’s largest renewable energy expansion and aligning with public safety priorities [1][6]. This report analyzes the complex trade-offs behind Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) to assess whether it was a visionary move or a costly miscalculation.
